Human Albumin Baxter

Human albumin.

Human Albumin Baxter is a solution containing 200 g/l or 250 g/l of total protein of which at least 95% is human albumin.
The solution is hyperoncotic.
200 g/L: A vial of 50 ml contains 10 g of human albumin.
Excipients with known effect: Sodium 100-130 mmol.
250 g/L: A vial of 50 ml contains 12.5 g of human albumin.
Excipients with known effect: Sodium 130-160 mmol/l.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: 200 g/L: Sodium Caprylate 16 mmol/l (2.7 g/l); Sodium N-Acetyltryptophanate 16 mmol/l (4.3 g/l); Sodium 100-130 mmol/l; Water for Injection ad 1 l.
250 g/L: Caprylic acid 20 mmol/l; N-Acetyltryptophan 20 mmol/l; Total Sodium Ions 130-160 mmol/l; Water for Injection in bulk ad 1 ml.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: plasma substitutes and plasma protein fractions. ATC code: B05AA01.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Human albumin accounts quantitatively for more than half of the total protein in the plasma and represents about 10% of the protein synthesis activity of the liver.
Physicochemical data: Human Albumin Baxter has a corresponding hyperoncotic effect.
The most important physiological functions of albumin result from its contribution to the oncotic pressure of the blood and its transport function. Albumin stabilizes circulating blood volume and is a carrier of hormones, enzymes, medicinal products and toxins.
Pharmacokinetics: Under normal conditions, the total exchangeable albumin pool is 4-5 g/kg bodyweight, of which 40 to 45% is present intravascularly and 55 to 60% in the extravascular space. Increased capillary permeability will alter albumin kinetics and abnormal distribution may occur in conditions such as severe burns or septic shock.
Under normal conditions, the average half-life of albumin is about 19 days. The balance between synthesis and breakdown is normally achieved by feedback regulation. Elimination is predominantly intracellular and due to lysosome proteases.
In healthy subjects, less than 10% of infused albumin leaves the intravascular compartment during the first two hours following infusion. There is considerable individual variation in the effect on plasma volume. In some patients, the plasma volume can remain increased for some hours. However, in critically ill patients, albumin can leak out of the vascular space in substantial amounts at an unpredictable rate.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: Human albumin is a normal constituent of human plasma and acts like physiological albumin.
In animals, single-dose toxicity testing is of little relevance and does not permit the evaluation of toxic or lethal doses or of a dose-effect relationship.
Repeated-dose toxicity testing is impracticable due to the development of antibodies to heterologous protein in animal models.
To date, human albumin has not been reported to be associated with embryo-foetal toxicity, oncogenic or mutagenic potential.
No signs of acute toxicity have been described in animal models.

Restoration and maintenance of circulating blood volume where volume deficiency has been demonstrated, and use of a colloid is appropriate.
The choice of albumin rather than artificial colloid will depend on the clinical situation of the individual patient, based on official recommendations.

The concentration of the albumin preparation, dosage and the infusion rate should be adjusted to the patient's individual requirements.
Posology: The dose required depends on the size of the patient, the severity of trauma or illness, and on continuing fluid and protein losses. Measures of adequacy of circulating volume and not plasma albumin levels should be used to determine the dose required.
If human albumin is to be administered, haemodynamic performance should be monitored regularly; this may include: arterial blood pressure and pulse rate; central venous pressure; pulmonary artery wedge pressure; urine output; electrolyte concentration; haematocrit/haemoglobin; clinical signs of cardiac/respiratory failure (e.g., dyspnoea); clinical signs of increasing intracranial pressure (e.g., headache).
Method of administration: Human Albumin Baxter can be directly administered by the intravenous route, or it can also be diluted in an isotonic solution (e.g. 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride).
The infusion rate should be adjusted according to the individual circumstances and the indication.
In plasma exchange, the infusion rate should be adjusted to the rate of removal.

Hypervolaemia may occur if the dosage and infusion rate are too high. At the first clinical signs of cardiovascular overload (headache, dyspnoea, jugular vein congestion), or increased blood pressure, raised central venous pressure, and pulmonary oedema, the infusion should be stopped immediately and the patient's haemodynamic parameters carefully monitored.

Hypersensitivity to albumin preparations or to any of the excipients listed in Description.

Suspicion of allergic or anaphylactic type reactions requires immediate discontinuation of the injection. In case of shock, standard medical treatment for shock should be implemented.
Albumin should be used with caution in conditions where hypervolaemia and its consequences or haemodilution could represent a special risk for the patient. Examples of such conditions are: Decompensated cardiac insufficiency; Hypertension; Oesophageal varices; Pulmonary oedema; Haemorrhagic diathesis; Severe anaemia; Renal and post-renal anuria.
The colloid-osmotic effect of human albumin 200 g/l or 250 g/l is approximately four times that of blood plasma. Therefore, when concentrated albumin is administered, care must be taken to assure adequate hydration of the patient. Patients should be monitored carefully to guard against circulatory overload and hyperhydration.
200-250 g/l human albumin solutions are relatively low in electrolytes compared to the 40-50 g/l human albumin solutions. When albumin is given, the electrolyte status of the patient should be monitored (see Dosage & Administration) and appropriate steps taken to restore or maintain the electrolyte balance.
Albumin solutions must not be diluted with water for injections as this may cause haemolysis in recipients.
If comparatively large volumes are to be replaced, controls of coagulation and haematocrit are necessary. Care must be taken to ensure adequate substitution of other blood constituents (coagulation factors, electrolytes, platelets, and erythrocytes).
Hypervolaemia may occur if the dosage and rate of infusion are not adjusted to the patient's circulatory situation. At the first clinical signs of cardiovascular overload (headache, dyspnoea, jugular vein congestion), or increased blood pressure, raised central venous pressure and pulmonary oedema, the infusion is to be stopped immediately.
Standard measures to prevent infections resulting from the use of medicinal products prepared from human blood or plasma include selection of donors, screening of individual donations and plasma pools for specific markers of infection, and the inclusion of effective manufacturing steps for the inactivation/removal of viruses. Despite this, when medicinal products prepared from human blood or plasma are administered, the possibility of transmitting infective agents cannot be totally excluded. This also applies to unknown or emerging viruses and other pathogens.
There are no reports of virus transmissions with albumin manufactured to European Pharmacopoeia specifications by established processes.
It is strongly recommended that every time that Human Albumin Baxter is administered to a patient, the name and batch number of the product are recorded in order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products and maintain a link between the patient and the batch of the product.
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: Human Albumin Baxter has no influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
200 g/L: Human Albumin 200 g/l [Baxter/Baxalta] contains 100-130 mmol/l sodium. This is to be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.
250 g/L: 50 mL vial: This medicinal product contains 149.5 - 184 mg sodium per vial, equivalent to 7.5 - 9.2% of the WHO recommended maximum daily intake of 2 g sodium for an adult.

The safety of Human Albumin Baxter for use in human pregnancy has not been established in controlled clinical trials. However, clinical experience with albumin suggests that no harmful effects on the course of pregnancy, or on the foetus and the neonate, are to be expected.
The effects of human albumin on fertility have not been established in controlled clinical trials.
No animal reproduction studies have been conducted with Human Albumin Baxter.
Experimental animal studies are insufficient to assess the safety with respect to reproduction, development of the embryo or foetus, the course of gestation and peri- and postnatal development.
However, human albumin is a normal constituent of human blood.

Frequency has been evaluated using the following criteria: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). (See table.)

Click on icon to see table/diagram/image

In cases of severe reactions, the infusion should be stopped and an appropriate treatment should be initiated.
In post-marketing surveillance, the following adverse events have been reported. These events are listed by MedDRA System Organ Class, then by Preferred Term in order of severity.
Immune System Disorders: Anaphylactic reaction, Hypersensitivity/Allergic reactions.
Nervous System Disorders: Headache, Dysgeusia.
Cardiac Disorders: Myocardial infarction, Atrial fibrillation, Tachycardia.
Vascular Disorders: Hypotension.
Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders: Pulmonary edema, Dyspnea.
Gastrointestinal Disorders: Vomiting.
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Urticaria, Pruritus.
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: Chills.
There are no data available on adverse reactions from company-sponsored clinical trials conducted with Albumin (Human).
For safety with respect to transmissible agents, see Precautions.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions: Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions.

No interaction studies of Human Albumin Baxter with other medicinal products have been performed.

Special precautions for disposal and other handling: The solution can be directly administered by the intravenous route or it can also be diluted in an isotonic solution (e.g. 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride).
Albumin solutions must not be diluted with water for injections as this may cause haemolysis in recipients.
If large volumes are administered, the product should be warmed to room or body temperature before use.
Do not use solutions which are cloudy or have deposits. This may indicate that the protein is unstable or that the solution has become contaminated.
Do not use unless seal is intact. If leaks are found, discard.
Once the container has been opened, the contents should be used immediately. Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Incompatibilities: This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products (except the recommended diluents previously mentioned in Special precautions for disposal and other handling), whole blood and packed red cells. Further, human albumin should not be mixed with protein hydrolysates (e.g. parenteral nutrition) or solutions containing alcohol since these combinations may cause the proteins to precipitate.

Do not store above 25°C.
Do not freeze.
Store in the original package in order to protect from light.
Shelf life: 36 months.
After opening, the product should be used immediately.

Intravenous & Other Sterile Solutions

B05AA01 - albumin ; Belongs to the class of blood substitutes and plasma protein fractions. Used as blood substitutes.

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