Respirology Search
Respirology Respirology
bronchitis%20-%20chronic%20in%20acute%20exacerbation
BRONCHITIS - CHRONIC IN ACUTE EXACERBATION
Treatment Guideline Chart

Chronic bronchitis is an infection of the trachea and bronchi for at least three consecutive months for more than two consecutive years.

The patient experiences symptoms of increase in dyspnea, sputum volume and sputum purulence over baseline on most days.

Diagnosis is basically based on clinical presentation.

Bronchitis - Chronic in Acute Exacerbation References

  1. Balter MS, La Forge J, Low DE, et al. Canadian guidelines for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Can Respir J. 2003 Aug;10(Suppl B):3B-32B. doi: 10.1155/2003/486285. PMID: 12944998
  2. Dever LL, Shashikumar K, Johanson WG Jr. Antibiotics in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 Jul;11(7):911-925. doi: 10.1517/13543784.11.7.911. PMID: 12084002
  3. Grossman RF. Guidelines for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest. 1997 Dec;112(Suppl 6):310S-313S. doi: 10.1378/chest.112.6_supplement.310s. PMID: 9400894
  4. Guthrie R. Community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections: etiology and treatment. Chest. 2001 Dec;120(6):2021-2034. doi: 10.1378/chest.120.6.2021. PMID: 11742937
  5. Palm KH, Decker WW. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2003 May;21(2):331-352. PMID: 12793617
  6. McCrory DC, Brown C, Gelfand SE, et al. Management of acute exacerbations of COPD: a summary and appraisal of published evidence. Chest. 2001 Apr;119(4):1190-1209. doi: 10.1378/chest.119.4.1190. PMID: 11296189
  7. Stoller JK. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2002 Mar;346(13):988-994. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp012477. PMID: 11919309
  8. Snow V, Lascher S, Mottur-Pilson C; Joint Expert Panel on COPD of the American College of Chest Physicians and the American College of Physicians-Amercian Society of Internal Medicine. The evidence base for management of acute exacerbations of COPD: clinical practice guideline, part 1. Chest. 2001 Apr;119(4):1185-1189. doi: 10.1378/chest.119.4.1185. PMID: 11296188
  9. Gilbert DN, Moellering RC, Eliopoulos GM, et al. The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy. 35th. Hyde Park (VT): Antimicrobial Therapy Inc; 2005.
  10. Reynolds HY. Chronic bronchitis and acute infectious exacerbations. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Inc; 2000.
  11. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Respiratory-Medicine/40/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Respiratory-Medicine.xml
  12. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Community management of lower respiratory tract infections in adults: a national clinical guideline. SIGN. http://www.sign.ac.uk. 2002.
  13. Ministry of Health Singapore. Clinical Practice Guidelines: use of antibiotics in adults. MOH (Singapore). http://www.moh.gov.sg/. Jan 2002.
  14. Alberta Medical Association. Guideline for the management of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Alberta Medical Association. http://www.albertadoctors.com/. Nov 2001.
  15. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. http://www.goldcopd.org/. 2010. Accessed 09 Sep 2011.
  16. Brunton S, Carmichael BP, Colgan R, et al. Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: a primary care consensus guideline. Am J Manag Care. 2004 Oct;10(10):689-696. PMID: 15521160
  17. Ministry of Health Malaysia. National antibiotic guideline 2014, 2nd edition. Pharmaceutical Services Divisions, Ministry of Health Malaysia. http://www.pharmacy.gov.my. Dec 2014. Accessed 16 Jul 2015.
  18. Auwaerter PG, Bartlett JG. Chronic bronchitis, acute exacerbations. Johns Hopkins Guide. http://www.hopkinsguides.com. Jun 2017. Accessed 5 Nov 2018.
  19. Bartlett JG, Sethi S. Evaluation for infection in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. 2 Mar 2018. Accessed 5 Nov 2018.
  20. Bartlett JG, Sethi S. Management of infection in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. 19 Nov 2018.
  21. Dimopoulos G, Siempos II, Korbila IP, et al. Comparison of first-line with second-line antibiotics for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest. 2007 Aug;132(2):447-455. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-0149. Accessed 5 Nov 2018. PMID: 17573508
  22. Evensen AE. Management of COPD exacerbations. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Mar;81(5):607-613. PMID: 20187597
  23. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2018 report. GOLD. http://www.goldcopd.org. 2018.
  24. Han MK, Dransfield MT, Martinez FJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: definition, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and staging. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. 4 May 2018.
  25. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ICSI. http://www.icsi.org. Jan 2016.
  26. Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. http://www.moh.gov.my. Nov 2009.
  27. Miravitlles M, Anzueto A. Antibiotics for acute and chronic respiratory infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Nov;188(9):1052-1057. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201302-0289PP. PMID: 23924286
  28. Siempos II, Dimopoulos G, Korbila IP, et al. Macrolides, quinolones and amoxicillin/clavulanate for chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2007 Jun;29(6):1127-1137. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00147806. Accessed 5 Nov 2018. PMID: 17301097
  29. Sohy C, Pilette C, Niederman MS, et al. Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and antibiotics: what studies are still needed?. Eur Respir J. 2002 May;19(5):966-975. doi: 10.1183/09031936.02.00291302. Accessed 5 Nov 2018. PMID: 12030740
  30. Stoller JK. Management of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com. 18 Sep 2018.
  31. Toward Optimized Practice (Alberta). Guideline for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). TOP. http://www.topalbertadoctors.org. 2006.
  32. Wedzicha JA, Miravitlles M, Hurst JR, et al. Management of COPD exacerbations: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2017 Mar;49(3). doi: 10.1183/13993003.00791-2016. Accessed 5 Nov 2018. PMID: 28298398
  33. Wilson R, Sethi S, Anzueto A, et al. Antibiotics for treatment and prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Infect. 2013 Dec;67(6):497-515. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.08.010. PMID: 23973659
  34. Heath Jm, Mongia R. Chronic bronchitis: primary care management. Am Fam Physician. 1998 May;57(10):2365-2372, 2376-2378. PMID: 9614409
  35. Silvestri RC, Weinberger SE. Evaluation of subacute and chronic cough in adults. UptoDate. http://www.uptodate.com/. May 2019.
  36. Agustí A, Celli BR, Criner GJ, et al. Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2023 report: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Apr;207(7):819-837. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202301-0106PP. PMID: 36856433
  37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Underlying medical conditions associated with higher risk for severe COVID-19: Information for healthcare professionals. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/. Feb 2023.
  38. Fayyaz J. Bronchitis. Medscape. https://www.emedicine.medscape.com/. Mar 2021. Accessed 06 Sep 2023.
  39. Han M, Dransfield M, Martinez F. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Diagnosis and staging. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Aug 2023. Accessed 06 Sep 2023.
  40. Sethi S, Murphy T. Management of infection in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Aug 2023.
  41. Widysanto A, Mathew G. Chronic bronchitis. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Nov 2022.
Editor's Recommendations
Special Reports
MORE Special Reports arrow