Hyponatremia References

Last updated: 18 July 2025
  1. Braun MM, Barstow CH, Pyzocha NJ. Diagnosis and management of sodium disorders: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Mar;91(5):299-307. Accessed 22 Feb 2019. PMID: 25822386
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  3. Gross P. Clinical management of SIADH. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Apr;3(2):61-73. doi: 10.1177/2042018812437561. Accessed 17 Jan 2019. PMID: 23148195
  4. Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Feb;170(3):G1-G47. doi: 10.1530/EJE-13- 1020. Accessed 22 Feb 2019. PMID: 24569125
  5. Tee K. The suspect – SIADH. Australian Journal of General Practice. 2017 Sep;46(9). https://www.racgp.org.au. Accessed 17 Jan 2019
  6. Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2013 Oct;126(10)(Suppl 1):S1-S42. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.07.006. Accessed 12 Mar 2019. PMID: 24074529
  7. Myint KS, Tisdale MM, Chetcuti S, et al. Joint trust guideline for inpatient management of hyponatremia. Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals (NHS) Foundation Trust. http://www.nnuh.nhs.uk/. 12 Oct 2019.
  8. Seay NW, Lehrich RW, Greenberg A. Diagnosis and management of disorders of body tonicity - hyponatremia and hypernatremia: core curriculum 2020. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 Feb;75(2):272-286. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.07.014. PMID: 31606238
  9. Chifu I, Gerstl A, Lengenfelder B, et al. Treatment of symptomatic hyponatremia with hypertonic saline: a real-life observational study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 May;184(5):647-655. doi: 10.1530/EJE-20-1207. PMID: 33635825
  10. Hoorn EJ, Sterns RH. Causes of hyponatremia without hypotonicity (including pseudohyponatremia). UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 08 Mar 2022.
  11. Hoorn EJ, Zietse R. Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia: compilation of the guidelines. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 May;28(5):1340-1349. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2016101139. Accessed 05 Aug 2022. PMID: 28174217
  12. Lee Y, Yoo KD, Baek SH, et al. Korean Society of Nephrology 2022 recommendations on controversial issues in diagnosis and management of hyponatremia. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2022 Jul;41(4):393-411. doi: 10.23876/j.krcp.33.555. Accessed 15 Aug 2022. PMID: 35919925
  13. Sterns RH. Causes of hypotonic hyponatremia in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 25 Jul 2022.
  14. Sterns RH. Manifestations of hyponatremia and hypernatremia in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 10 Jan 2022.
  15. Sterns R. Overview of the treatment of hyponatremia in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 25 Oct 2023.
  16. Sterns R. Treatment of hyponatremia: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) and reset osmostat. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 26 Oct 2023. Accessed 06 Feb 2024.
  17. Theis SR, Bhutta BS, Khandhar PB. Pseudohyponatremia. (Updated 2024 Mar 1). In: StatPearls (Internet). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan.
  18. Sterns RH, Rondon-Berrios H, Adrogué HJ, et al. Treatment guidelines for hyponatremia: stay the course. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2024 Jan;1(19)(Suppl 1):129-135. doi: 10.2215/CJN.0000000000000244. PMID: 37379081