Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma References

Last updated: 09 March 2026
  1. Canadian Ophthalmological Society Glaucoma Clinical Practice Guideline Expert Committee; Canadian Ophthalmological Society. Canadian Ophthalmological Society evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of glaucoma in the adult eye. Can J Ophthalmol. 2009;44(Suppl Suppl 1):S7-S93. doi: 10.3129/cjo44s1. Accessed 19 Sep 2019. PMID: 19492005
  2. Broan AM, Garcger CP, Sirbat D, et al. Comparison of two fixed beta-blocker-pilocarpine combinations. The Carteolol-Pilocarpine Study Group. Eur J Ophthalmol. 1997;7(4):351-356. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/. Accessed 10 Feb 2012. PMID: 9457458
  3. Demailly P, Allaire C, Bron V, Trinquand C. Effectiveness and tolerance of beta blocker/pilocarpine combination eye drops in primary open-angle glaucoma and high intraocular pressure. J Glaucoma. 1995 Aug;4(4):235-241. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/. Accessed 10 Feb 2012. PMID: 19920680
  4. European Glaucoma Society. Terminology and guidelines in glaucoma. 3rd. Italy: European Glaucoma Society; 2008.
  5. South East Asia Interest Group (SEAGIG). Asia Pacific glaucoma guidelines. 2nd. Sydney, Australia: SEAGIG; 2008.
  6. See JL, Chew PTK. Angle-closure glaucoma. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, et al. Ophthalmology. 3rd ed. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby, Elsevier; 2009:1162-1171
  7. International Council of Ophthalmology. Primary angle closure (initial evaluation and therapy). International Council of Ophthalmology. http://www.icoph.org/dynamic/attachments/resources/icopriangleclosure_2.pdf. 2010. Accessed 28 Aug 2012.
  8. American Academy of Ophthalmology Glaucoma Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines. Primary angle closure. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology. http://one.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/primary-angle-closure-ppp--october-2010. 2010. Accessed 22 Aug 2012.
  9. Japan Glaucoma Society. Guidelines for glaucoma. 2nd ed. Japan Glaucoma Society. http://ryokunaisho.jp/. Sep 2006. Accessed 31 Aug 2012.
  10. American Optometric Association (AOA). Primary angle closure glaucoma. AOA. http://www.aoa.org/. 1998. Accessed 03 Sep 2012.
  11. National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care. Glaucoma: Diagnosis and management of chronic open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. http://www.nice.org.uk/. Apr 2009. Accessed 03 Feb 2012.
  12. Cheng JW, Zong Y, Zeng YY, et al. The prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in adult Asians: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 24;9(7):e103222. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103222. Accessed 22 Sep 2015. PMID: 5057993
  13. Emanuel ME, Parrish RK 2nd, Gedde SJ. Evidence-based management of primary angle closure glaucoma (abstract). Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2014 Mar;25(2):89-92. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000028. Accessed 24 Sep 2015. PMID: 24463418
  14. Muñoz-Negrete FJ, González-Martín-Moro J, Casas-Llera P, et al. Guidelines for treatment of chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2015 Mar;90(3):119-138. doi: 10.1016/j.oftal.2014.09.014. Accessed 22 Sep 2015. PMID: 25459683
  15. Weizer JS. Angle-closure glaucoma. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 29 Oct 2025. Accessed 27 Aug 2024.
  16. Jacobs DS. Open-angle glaucoma: treatment. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 29 Jan 2024. Accessed 07 Jul 2021.
  17. European Glaucoma Society (EGS). Terminology and guidelines for glaucoma. 4th ed. EGS. http://www.eugs.org/. Jun 2014. Accessed 13 Oct 2015.
  18. Asian Pacific Glaucoma Society (APGS). Asia Pacific glaucoma guidelines. APGS. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Kugler Publications; 2016. Accessed 19 Sep 2019.
  19. Gross RL, McMillan BD. Current medical management of glaucoma. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. Ophthalmology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Saunders, Elsevier; 2019. 1120-1125. Accessed 25 Sep 2019:1120-1125.
  20. International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO). ICO guidelines for glaucoma eye care. ICO. http://www.icoph.org. 2015. Accessed 19 Sep 2019.
  21. Lee DA, Higginbotham EJ. Glaucoma and its treatment: a review. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005 Apr;62(7):691-699. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/62.7.691. Accessed 3 Oct 2019. PMID: 15790795
  22. Lusthaus J, Goldberg I. Current management of glaucoma. Med J Aust. 2019 Mar;210(4):180-187. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50020. Accessed 19 Sep 2019. PMID: 30767238
  23. MacIver S, MacDonald D, Prokopich CL. Screening, diagnosis, and management of open angle glaucoma: an evidence-based guideline for Canadian optometrists. Can J Optometry. 2017;79(Suppl 1). Accessed 19 Sep 2019
  24. Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia. Clinical practice guideline: management of glaucoma (2nd edition). MOH Malaysia. http://www.acadmed.org.my. Jun 2017. Accessed 19 Sep 2019.
  25. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). NHMRC guidelines for the screening, prognosis, diagnosis, management and prevention of glaucoma 2010. NHMRC. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au. 2010. Accessed 02 Oct 2019.
  26. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Glaucoma: diagnosis and management. NICE. http://www.nice.org.uk. 01 Nov 2017. Accessed 19 Sep 2019.
  27. Optometry Australia. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and management of glaucoma. https://www.optometry.org.au. Jul 2016. Accessed 19 Sep 2019.
  28. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. Phospholine iodide (echothiophate) [prescribing information]. www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Jul 2018. Accessed 03 Oct 2019.
  29. Prum BE Jr, Rosenberg LF, Gedde SJ, et al. Primary open-angle glaucoma preferred practice pattern guidelines. Ophthalmology. 2016 Jan;123(1):P41-P111. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.10.053. Accessed 19 Sep 2019. PMID: 26581556
  30. Azuara-Blanco A, Burr J, Ramsay C, et al. Effectiveness of early lens extraction for the treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma (EAGLE): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2016 Oct;388(10052):1389-1397. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30956-4. Accessed 19 Sep 2019. PMID: 27707497
  31. Khondkaryan A, Francis BA. Angle closure glaucoma. American Academy of Ophthalmology. https://www.aao.org. Dec 2013. Accessed 20 Sep 2019.
  32. Lim DKA, Koh VTC, Aquino MC, et al. Angle-closure glaucoma. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. Ophthalmology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Saunders, Elsevier; 2019. 1064-1073. Accessed 24 Sep 2019:1064-1073.
  33. Prum BE Jr, Herndon LW Jr, Moroi SE, et al. Primary angle closure preferred practice pattern guidelines. Ophthalmology. 2016 Jan;123(1):P1-P40. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.10.049. Accessed 19 Sep 2019. PMID: 26581557
  34. Salmon JF, Kanski JJ. Glaucoma. In: Salmon JF, Kanski JJ, eds.. Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach. 9th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2020. 346-422. Accessed 30 Jul 2021:346-422.
  35. ClinicalKey. Angle-closure glaucoma. ClinicalKey. https://www.clinicalkey.com. 10 Dec 2019. Accessed 30 Jul 2021.
  36. European Glaucoma Society. Terminology and guidelines for glaucoma, 5th edition. European Glaucoma Society. https://www.eugs.org. Oct 2020. Accessed 29 Jul 2021.
  37. Gedde SJ, Chen PP, Muir KW, et al. Primary angle-closure disease preferred practice pattern® guidelines. Ophthalmology. 2020 Nov;128(1):PP30-P70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.10.021. Accessed 08 Jul 2021
  38. Kiuchi Y, Inoue T, Shoji N, et al. The Japan Glaucoma Society guidelines for glaucoma 5th edition. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2023 Mar;67(2):189-254. doi: 10.1007/s10384-022-00970-9. Accessed 27 Aug 2024. PMID: 36780040
  39. Wagner IV, Stewart MW, Dorairaj SK. Updates on the diagnosis and management of glaucoma. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2022 Nov;6(6):618-635. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.007. Accessed 27 Aug 2024. PMID: 36405987
  40. Dave SD, Zeppieri M, Meyer JJ. Chronic closed angle glaucoma. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; 2024 Jan. Accessed 27 Aug 2024.
  41. Agrawal A, Singh A, Mittal SK. Glaucoma in Asia-an epidemiological perspective. Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2017;9(18):208-211. doi: 10.3126/nepjoph.v9i2.19273. Accessed 12 Jun 2025. PMID: 29634716
  42. Allison K, Patel D, Alabi O. Epidemiology of glaucoma: the past, present, and predictions for the future. Cureus. 2020;12(11):e11686. doi: 10.7759/cureus.11686. Accessed 12 Jun 2025. PMID: 33391921
  43. Chan EW, Li X, Tham YC, et al. Glaucoma in Asia: regional prevalence variations and future projections. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(1):78-85. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306102. Accessed 12 Jun 2025. PMID: 26112871
  44. Gedde SJ, Chopra, Vinod K, et al; American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Glaucoma Panel. Primary Angle-Closure Disease Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology. American Academy of Ophthalmology. https://www.aao.org/. 2025.