Trigg BG, Kerndt PR, Aynalem G. Sexually transmitted infections and pelvic inflammatory disease in women. Med Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;92(5):1083-1113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=18721654. Accessed 28 May 2010. PMID: 18721654
Harting M, Rosen T, Vandergriff T. Antibiotic use in sexually transmissible diseases. Dermatol Clin. 2009 Jan;27(1):49-61. doi: 10.1016/j.det.2008.07.002. PMID: 18984368
French P, Gomberg M, Janier M, et al. IUSTI: 2008 European guidelines on the management of syphilis. Int J STD AIDS. 2009 May;20(5):300-309. http://ijsa.rsmjournals.com. Accessed 28 May 2010. PMID: 19386965
French P, Goh G, Goold P, et al. UK national guidelines on the management of syphilis 2008. Int J STD AIDS. 2008 Nov;19(11):729-740. http://www.bashh.org/guidelines. Accessed 29 May 2010. PMID: 18931264
Mattei PL, Beachkofsky TM, Gilson RT, Wisco OJ. Syphilis: a reemerging infection. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Sep;86(5):433-440. PMID: 22963062
Ferri FF. Syphilis. In: Alvero R, Borkan JM, Dobbs MR, et al, eds. Ferri's Clinical Advisor: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Inc, an affiliate of Elsevier; 2010.
World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections. WHO. http://www.who.int. 2003. Accessed 28 May 2010.
Canadian guideline on sexually transmitted infections: syphilis. Public Health Agency of Canada. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca. Accessed 28 May 2010.
Management of patients who have genital ulcers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov. Accessed 28 May 2010.
Management of genital ulcers & discharges (summary booklet). Ministry of Health Singapore. http://www.moh.gov.sg. May 2009. Accessed 31 May 2010.
Syphilis. The New Zealand Sexual Health Society (NZSHS). http://www.nzshs.org. Accessed 28 May 2010.
Syphilis-CDC fact sheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/STDFact-Syphilis-detailed.htm. Feb 2013. Accessed 16 Jul 2013.
Lazaro N. Sexually transmitted infections in primary care 2013 (RCGP/BASHH). Royal College of General Practitioners. http://www.rcgp.org.uk. 2013. Accessed 30 May 2014.
Kingston M, French P, Goh B, et al; Syphilis Guidelines Revision Group 2008, Clinical Effectiveness Group. UK national guidelines on the management of syphilis 2008. Int J STD AIDS. 19(11):729-740. doi: 10.1258/ijsa.2008.008279. PMID: 18931264
Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia. National antibiotic guideline 2014, 2nd edition. Pharmaceutical Services Divisions, MOH Malaysia. http://www.pharmacy.gov.my. Dec 2014. Accessed 16 Jul 2015.
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis). WHO. http://www.who.int. 2016. Accessed 08 Sep 2016.
Hicks CB, Clement M. Syphilis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations in patients with HIV. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 20 Dec 2023.
Hicks CB, Clement M. Syphilis: screening and diagnostic testing. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 21 Aug 2024.
Hicks CB, Clement M. Syphilis: treatment and monitoring. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. 02 Aug 2024.
Janier M, Unemo M, Dupin N, et al. 2020 European guideline on the management of syphilis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021 May;35(3):574-588. doi: 10.1111/jdv.16946. PMID: 33094521
World Health Organization (WHO). Updated recommendations for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Treponema pallidum (syphilis), and new recommendations on syphilis testing and partner services. WHO. https://www.who.int. 2024. Accessed 10 Mar 2026.
