Hypothyroidism References

Last updated: 21 October 2025
Reviewed by
  1. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American College of Endocrinology. Medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2002 Nov-Dec;8(6):457-469. https://www.aace.com/. PMID: 15260011
  2. Hypothyroidism [patient notes]. Postgrad Med. 2000;107(1)
  3. Cooper DS. Subclinical hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jul;345(4):260-265. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200107263450406. PMID: 11474665
  4. Devdhar M, Ousman YH, Burman KD. Hypothyroidism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007 Sep;36(3):595-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2007.04.008. PMID: 17673121
  5. Ladenson PW, Singer AP, Alin KB, et al. American Thyroid Association guidelines for detection of thyroid dysfunction. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jun 12;160(11):1573-1575. doi: 10.1001/archinte.160.11.1573. PMID: 10847249
  6. Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH, et al. Subclinical thyroid disease scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management. JAMA. 2004 Jan 14;291(2):228-238. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.2.228. PMID: 14722150
  7. Roberts CGP, Ladenson PW. Hypothyroidism. Lancet. 2004 Mar 6;363(9411):793-803. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15696-1. PMID: 15016491
  8. Singer PA, Cooper SD, Elliot GL, et al. Treatment guidelines for patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. JAMA. 1995 Mar;273(10):808-812. PMID: 7532241
  9. Grace K, Davies TF. Hypothyroidism. Comprehensive Clinical Endocrinology. 3rd ed. London: Mosby; 2002.
  10. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Endocrinology/15/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Endocrinology.xml
  11. Malaysian Endocrine and Metabolic Society. Practice guidelines for thyroid disorders: the Malaysian consensus. Academy of Medicine of Malaysia. http://www.acadmed.org.my/. 2000.
  12. Orlander PR. Hypothyroidism. eMedicine. https://emedicine.medscape.com/. 2002.
  13. Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, et al; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Hypothyroidism in Adults. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Endocr Pract. 2012 Nov;18(6):988-1028. PMID: 23246686
  14. Berg AO. Screening for thyroid disease: United States Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Int Med. 2004;140:125-127.
  15. Ross DS. Central hypothyroidism. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Feb 2018. Accessed 24 May 2019.
  16. Persani L, Brabant G, Dattani M, et al. 2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines on the diagnosis and management of central hypothyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2018 Oct;7(5):225-237. doi: 10.1159/000491388. Accessed 22 May 2019. PMID: 30374425
  17. Popoveniuc G, Chandra T, Sud A, et al. A diagnostic scoring system for myxedema coma. Endocr Pract. 2014 Aug;20(8):808-817. doi: 10.4158/EP13460.OR. Accessed 31 Jan 2020. PMID: 24518183
  18. Ross D. Diagnosis of and screening for hypothyroidism in nonpregnant adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jun 2020.
  19. Ross D. Subclinical hypothyroidism in nonpregnant adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Jun 2020.
  20. Surks MI. Clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. Dec 2019. Accessed 30 Jan 2020.
  21. Ahluwalia R, Baldeweg SE, Boelaert K, et al. Use of liothyronine (T3) in hypothyroidism: Joint British Thyroid Association/Society for Endocrinology consensus statement. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2023 Aug;99(2):206-216. doi: 10.1111/cen.14935. Accessed 11 Jan 2024. PMID: 37272400
  22. Croker EE, McGrath SA, Rowe CW. Thyroid disease: using diagnostic tools effectively. Aust J Gen Pract. 2021 Jan;50(1-2):16-21. doi: 10.31128/AJGP-10-20-5693. Accessed 13 Jan 2024. PMID: 33543157
  23. Eghtedari B, Correa R. Levothyroxine. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539808/. 28 Aug 2023.
  24. National Institute for Health & Care Excellence (NICE). Thyroid disease: assessment and management. NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng145. 12 Oct 2023. Accessed 13 Jan 2024.
  25. Ross D. Myxedema coma. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 10 Apr 2023.
  26. Ross D. Treatment of primary hypothyroidism in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. 12 Jul 2023.
  27. Referral criteria from primary care - thyroid disease. GP notebook. https://gpnotebook.com. 16 Jan 2024.
  28. Hypothyroidism. Merck Manual. http://www.merckmanuals.com/. May 2014.
  29. American Thyroid Association (ATA). Hypothyroidism. ATA. https://www.thyroid.org/.